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I am compiling these notes as I explore the Lao script as used for the Lao language. They may be updated from time to time.
The page lists the Unicode characters used to represent Lao text, and briefly describes their use. It starts with short notes on general script features and discussions about which Unicode characters are most appropriate when there is a choice.
For more detailed information, especially about the history and phonology of Lao, follow the links in the text and at the bottom of the page. You can also click on the symbols in the next section to jump to a description of that character. When you see red text (examples of Lao) you can click on them to reveal the component characters.
To view this page as intended, you should download the (free) Saysettha OT font from the Web (see the side bar).
Class 1 (middle) consonants:
Class 2 (high) consonants:
Class 3 (low) consonants:
Other consonants:
Vowels:
Tone marks & cancellation mark:
Numbers:
To see a list of ligatures and alternative shapes go to the 'shape' view of the Lao character picker. (Hint: to see the composition of a conjunct, click on it and select 'Codepoints' or 'Analyse'.)
Lao has its own script, closely related to Thai, but exhibiting some significant differences.
The script was originally an abugida, but since the script reforms leading up to 1960 it has been alphabetic. The syllable is the unit for various aspects of the behaviour of the script. Lao is a tonal language, and the script is designed to reflect tonal information.
The alphabet is split into vowels and consonants. The consonants are grouped into classes that affect the default tonal behaviour of a syllable. There are no independent vowels. Where there is no consonant to support a vowel sign, the character ອ is used as a support. Vowel signs are typically used in combinations to form the vowel sounds of a syllable.
The tone depends on the class of the initial consonant in a syllable, the structure of the syllable, and whether or not a tone mark is applied to override the default. Tone values vary depending on location in Laos. There is some disagreement whether there are 5 or 6 tones in Vientiane, and you will see in the tables below that different sources disagree on the tones produced.
The following tables present different descriptions of tone values in Lao for the Vientiane dialect. The first and third tables basically agree on the tone value, although the names of tones vary. The middle table shows some different tone values altogether. See a list of studies for Vientiane tones.
This diagram shows 5 tones with names corresponding to a mixture of the first two tables below.
Tone marks are normally used only on open syllables, and modify the default tone value. Two of the four tone marks are only used with Class 1 consonants. Tone marks tend to be placed directly over the consonant (or superscript vowel), unlike Thai which tends to place them slightly to the right.
Open or live syllables are those that end with a long vowel or sonorant (eg. ງນມຍວ). Closed or dead syllables end with a stop consonant (eg. ກດບ) or short vowel.
| Open | Closed short vowel |
Closed long vowel |
Tone mai eːk |
Tone mai toː |
Tone mai tiː |
Tone mai cat-ta-waː |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class 1 | low | ˊ high | ˆ low falling | ˉ mid | ˋ high falling | ˋ high falling | ˇ low rising |
| Class 2 | ˇ low rising | ˊ high | ˆ low falling | ˉ mid | ˆ low falling | - | - |
| Class3 | ˊ high | ˉ mid | ˋ high falling | ˉ mid | ˋ high falling | - | - |
Refs: Daniels
| Live | Dead short vowel |
Dead long vowel |
Tone mai eːk |
Tone mai toː |
Tone mai tiː |
Tone mai cat-ta-waː |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class 1 | ˋ low | ˇ rising | ˇ rising | mid | ˆ falling | ˊ high | ˇ rising |
| Class 2 | ˇ rising | ˇ rising | ˋ low | mid | ˋ low | - | - |
| Class3 | ˊ high | mid | ˆ falling | mid | ˆ falling | - | - |
Refs: Simmala
| Live | Dead short vowel |
Dead long vowel |
Tone mai eːk |
Tone mai toː |
Tone mai tiː |
Tone mai cat-ta-waː |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class 1 | low rising | high rising | low falling | high-mid | high falling | ||
| Class 2 | low rising | high rising | low falling | high-mid | low falling | ||
| Class3 | high rising | high-mid | high falling | high-mid | high falling |
Refs: SEAlang
The Simmala chart seems suspect to me, since they say in the text that the rising tone doesn't occur in dead syllables, and the book has examples of dead syllables with long vowels with a low tone.
Vowels can be grouped into short and long alternatives, diphthongs, and 'complex vowels' that end in [j], [w] or in one case [m] .
The number of vowel sounds is greater than the number of vowel signs. Many vowel sounds are represented by a combination of 2 to 4 symbols, often surrounding the initial consonant or consonant cluster on three sides. Some of these components are also used as consonants. These symbols are encoded separately, and only those symbols that appear over a consonant are encoded as combining characters. For example, ເກັຍະ or ເກົາ.
The basic vowel repertoire can be summarised as follows. For the corresponding script representation, see the Lao picker.
| Short | Long | Complex |
|---|---|---|
| a | aː | aj aw aaj aaw am |
| e | eː | eew |
| ə | əː | əəj |
| ɛ | ɛː | ɛɛw |
| i | iː | iw |
| o | oː | ooj |
| ɔ | ɔː | ɔɔj |
| u | uː | uj |
| ɯ | ɯː | |
| ia | iaw | |
| ua | uaj | |
| ɯa | ɯaj |
Although the diphthongs at the end don't have long and short sounds, they do have long and short orthographic forms.
Some vowels are represented by different combinations of symbols when they appear in a closed syllable.
The character ຫ can be added before the following characters to make their default tonal behaviour Class 2: ງນມລວຍຽ. This constitutes a syllable initial compound.
There are alternate forms for some of these compounds. Two can be represented as ligatures, for which there are separate characters in Unicode: ໜ and ໝ. Another can be represented by converting the second consonant to a subscript (ຫຼ), also available as a separate character in Unicode.
In a consonant cluster any tone marks or superscript vowels appear over the second consonant.
Refs: Daniels 462; Unicode 378
Words are not separated by spaces. Spaces are used between sentences, but Western punctuation is also used.
U+0E81 LAO LETTER KO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= ko kay
Lao class 1 consonant, kɔː kaj
k
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p29
U+0E88 LAO LETTER CO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= co cok, co cua
Lao class 1 consonant, cɔ̀ː cɔ̀ːk
c initially; t finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p29
U+0E94 LAO LETTER DO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= do dek
Lao class 1 consonant, dɔ̀ː dek
d initially; t finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p29
U+0E95 LAO LETTER TO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= to ta
Lao class 1 consonant, tɔ̀ː taː
t
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p29
U+0E9A LAO LETTER BO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= bo be, bo bet
Lao class 1 consonant, bɔ̀ː bɛ̂ː
b initially; p finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p29
U+0E9B LAO LETTER PO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= po pa
Lao class 1 consonant, pɔ̀ː pàː
p
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p29
U+0EA2 LAO LETTER YO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= yo ya
Lao class 1 consonant, jɔ̀ː jàː
j
A conjunct form related etymologically to the Thai อย.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p29, 176
U+0E82 LAO LETTER KHO SUNG
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= kho khay
Lao class 2 consonant, kʰɔ̌ː
kʰ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p100
U+0E8D LAO LETTER NYO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= nyo nyung
Lao class 3 consonant & vowel component, ɲɔ́ː ɲúŋ
ɲ initially; j finally.
A preceding silent h ຫຍ changes the default tone to high.
Used as a component in the following vowels:
ia ເ-ັຍະ and ເ-ັຍ
iːa ເ-ຍ and ເ-ັຍ
Used at the end of the following vowel sounds ending with j:
aːj -າຍ
əːj ເ-ີຍ
oːj ໂ-ຍ
ɔːj -ອຍ
uj -ຸຍ
uaj -ວຍ
ɯaj ເ-ືອຍ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems Daniels p461; [2] Lao for Beginners Simmala p123
U+0EAA LAO LETTER SO SUNG
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= so sya
Lao class 2 consonant, sɔ̌ː sɯ̌a
s initially; t finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p100
U+0E96 LAO LETTER THO SUNG
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= tho thong
Lao class 2 consonant, tʰɔ̌ː tʰǒŋ
tʰ initially; t finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p100
U+0E9C LAO LETTER PHO SUNG
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= pho pheng
Lao class 2 consonant, pʰɔ̌ː pʰəŋ
pʰ initially; p finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p100
U+0E9D LAO LETTER FO TAM
Notes from the Unicode standard:
% LAO LETTER FO FON
= fo fa
• name is a mistake for fo sung
Lao class 2 consonant, fɔ̌ː fǒn
f initially; p finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p100
U+0EAB LAO LETTER HO SUNG
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= ho hay, ho han
Lao class 2 consonant, hɔ̌ː haːn
h
This is used (silently) before the following initial consonants to change their default tone value: ລມນງຍວ.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p100
U+0E84 LAO LETTER KHO TAM
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= kho khuay
Lao class 3 consonant, kʰɔ́ː kʰwaːj
kʰ initially; k finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0E87 LAO LETTER NGO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= ngo ngu, ngo ngua
Lao class 3 consonant, ŋɔ́ː ŋúa
ŋ
A preceding silent h ຫງ changes the default tone to high.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0E8A LAO LETTER SO TAM
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= so sang
Lao class 3 consonant, sɔ́ː sâːŋ
s initially; t finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0E97 LAO LETTER THO TAM
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= tho thung
Lao class 3 consonant, tʰɔ́ː tʰúŋ
tʰ initially; t finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0E99 LAO LETTER NO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= no nok
Lao class 3 consonant, nɔ́ː nok
n
A preceding silent h ຫນ changes the default tone to high.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0E9E LAO LETTER PHO TAM
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= pho phu
Lao class 3 consonant, pʰɔ́ː pʰúː
pʰ initially; p finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0E9F LAO LETTER FO SUNG
Notes from the Unicode standard:
% LAO LETTER FO FAY
• name is a mistake for fo tam
Lao class 3 consonant, fɔ́ː fáj
f initially; p finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0EA1 LAO LETTER MO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= mo mew, mo ma
Lao class 3 consonant, mɔ́ː mɛ́ːw
m
A preceding silent h ຫມ changes the default tone to high.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0EA5 LAO LETTER LO LOOT
Notes from the Unicode standard:
% LAO LETTER LO
= lo ling
• name is a mistake, lo loot is the mnemonic for 0EA3
Lao class 3 consonant, lɔ́ː líŋ
l initially; n finally.
A preceding silent h ຫລ changes the default tone to high.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0EA7 LAO LETTER WO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= wo wi
Lao class 3 consonant, wɔ́ː wíː
w
A preceding silent h ຫວ changes the default tone to high.
Used as a component in the following vowels:
ua -ົວະ or -ົວ
ua -ັວ- or -ວ-
uaj -ວຍ
Used at the end of the following vowel sounds ending with w:
aːw -າວ
eːw ເ-ວ
ɛːw ແ-ວ
iw -ິວ
iaw -ຽວ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0EAD LAO LETTER O
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= o o
Lao class 3 consonant, ɔ̀ː òː
ʔ
Used to support vowels when there is no syllable initial consonant.
Also used as part of the following vowels:
oːj -ັອ-
ɔː -ອ
ɔːj -ອຍ
ɯa ເ-ຶອ
ɯaj ເ-ືອຍ
ɯːa ເ-ືອ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461-2; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p29
U+0EAE LAO LETTER HO TAM
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= ho hya, ho hyan
Lao class 3 consonant, hɔ́ː hɯ́an
h initially; n finally.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0EA3 LAO LETTER LO LING
Notes from the Unicode standard:
% LAO LETTER RO
= ro rot
• name is a mistake, lo ling is the mnemonic for 0EA5
Lao class 3 consonant, ɔ́ː
l
Officially removed from the alphabet by the Ministry of Education, it is still used occasionally to transliterate Indic or other foreign words into Lao, eg. ຝຣ່ັງ [flaŋ] foreigner. It is generally used to represent a the letter 'r': the sound [r] no longer exists in Lao.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461-2; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p248
U+0EB0 LAO VOWEL SIGN A
Lao short vowel, ǎ
a
Also used as an indication of shortness in the following syllable-final short vowels:
e ເ-ະ
ɛ ແ-ະ
ia ເ-ັຍະ
o ໂ-ະ
ɔ ເ-າະ
ua -ົວະ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p461; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p123
U+0EB2 LAO VOWEL SIGN AA
Lao long vowel, àː
aː
Also used in the following vowels:
aw ເ-ົາ
aːj -າຍ
aːw ເ-ົາ or -າວ
ɔ ເ-າະ (short)
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52, 73-74
U+0EB4 LAO VOWEL SIGN I
Lao short vowel, ǐ
i
Also used in the following vowels:
iw -ິວ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52, 74
U+0EB5 LAO VOWEL SIGN II
Lao long vowel, ìː
iː
Also used in the following vowels:
əː ເ-ີ (long)
əːj ເ-ີຍ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52, 73-74
U+0EB6 LAO VOWEL SIGN Y
Lao short vowel, ɯ̌
ɯ
Also used in the following vowels:
ə ເ-ຶ (short)
ɯa ເ-ຶອ (short)
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52, 73-74
U+0EB7 LAO VOWEL SIGN YY
Lao long vowel, ɯ̀ː
ɯː
Also used in the following vowels:
ɯːa ເ-ືອ (short)
ɯaj ເ-ືອຍ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52, 73-74
U+0EB8 LAO VOWEL SIGN U
Lao short vowel, ǔ
u
Also used in the following vowel:
ui -ຸຍ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52, 73-74
U+0EB9 LAO VOWEL SIGN UU
Lao long vowel, ùː
uː
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52
U+0EB3 LAO VOWEL SIGN AM
Notes from the Unicode standard:
≈ 0ECD 0EB2
Lao long vowel, am
am
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p73
U+0EB1 LAO VOWEL SIGN MAI KAN
Notes from the Unicode standard:
• vowel shortener
Lao short vowel, mâi-kan
a, used when the syllable has a final consonant.
Also used to produce the following vowels:
e ເ-ັ- (short)
ɛ ແ-ັ- (short)
ia ເ-ັຍ (short)
ia ເ-ັຍະ (short)
ia -ັຽ-
ɔ -ັອ-
ua -ັວ-
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p195
U+0EBB LAO VOWEL SIGN MAI KON
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= mai kong
Lao short vowel, mâi-koŋ
o, used when the syllable has a final consonant.
Also used to produce the following vowels:
aw ເ-ົາ
aːw ເ-ົາ
ua -ົວະ (short)
ua -ົວ (long)
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p195
U+0EC0 LAO VOWEL SIGN E
Lao long vowel, èː
eː
Also used in the following vowels:
aw ເ-ົາ
aːw ເ-ົາ
e ເ-ະ or ເ-ັ- (short)
eːw ເ-ວ
ə ເ-ຶ (short)
əː ເ-ີ (long)
əːj ເ-ີຍ
ia ເ-ັຍ or ເ-ັຍະ (short)
iːa ເ-ຍ or ເ-ັຍ or ເ-ຽ (long)
ɔ ເ-າະ (short)
ɯa ເ-ຶອ (short)
ɯa ເ-ືອຍ (short)
ɯːa ເ-ືອ (long)
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52, 73-74
U+0EC1 LAO VOWEL SIGN EI
Lao long vowel, ɛ̀ː
ɛː
Also used in the following vowels:
ɛːw ແ-ວ eg. ແລ້ວ lɛ̀ːw (to finish).
ɛw ແ-ວ eg. ແຂ້ວ kʰɛ̀w (tooth).
ɛ ແ-ະ or ແ-ັ- (short)
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52
U+0EC2 LAO VOWEL SIGN O
Lao long vowel, òː
oː
Also used in the following vowels:
oːj ໂ-ຍ
o ໂ-ະ (short)
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52
U+0EC3 LAO VOWEL SIGN AY
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= mai muan
Lao long vowel, máj-múan
aj
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p73
U+0EC4 LAO VOWEL SIGN AI
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= mai may
Lao long vowel, máj-má-lai
aj
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p73
U+0EBC LAO SEMIVOWEL SIGN LO
Lao class 2 consonant
l
Represents the consonant lɔ́ː líŋ when following a silent h (ie. ຫຼ). This sequence changes the consonant class of lɔ́ː líŋ to 2.
The sequence can also be written ຫລ.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p176
U+0EBD LAO SEMIVOWEL SIGN NYO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
= nyo fyang
Lao vowel
Originally an alternate form of non-initial ɲɔ́ː ɲúŋ ຍ, this character is now used for diphthongs.
It appears in the following vowels:
ia -ັຽ-
ia ເ-ຽ
ia -ຽ-
iaw -ຽວ
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p73-74
U+0ECD LAO NIGGAHITA
Notes from the Unicode standard:
• final nasal or long o vowel
Lao long vowel, ɔ̀ː
ɔː
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462-464; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p52
U+0EDC LAO HO NO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
≈ 0EAB 0E99
Lao class 2 consonant
n
A ligature representing a silent h followed by the consonant nɔ́ː nok. This sequence changes the consonant class of nɔ́ː nok to 2.
The sequence can also be written ຫນ.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p176
U+0EDD LAO HO MO
Notes from the Unicode standard:
≈ 0EAB 0EA1
Lao class 2 consonant
m
A ligature representing a silent h followed by the consonant mɔ́ː mɛ́ːw. This sequence changes the consonant class of mɔ́ː mɛ́ːw to 2.
The sequence can also be written ຫມ.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p462; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p176
U+0EC8 LAO TONE MAI EK
Lao tone mark, mai eːk ໄນ້ເອກ
Used with any consonant class. Produces a mid tone.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p464-465; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p13,28, 35, 36, 121, 161
U+0EC9 LAO TONE MAI THO
Lao tone mark, mai toː ໄນ້ໂທ
Used with any consonant class. Produces a high falling tone with class 1 and 3 consonants, but low falling with class 2.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p464-465; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p13,28, 35, 36, 121, 161
U+0ECA LAO TONE MAI TI
Lao tone mark, mai tiː ໄນ້ຕີ
Used with any class 1 consonants. Produces a high falling tone.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p464-465; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p13,28, 35, 36, 121, 161
U+0ECB LAO TONE MAI CATAWA
Lao tone mark, mai cat-ta-waː ໄນ້ຈັດຕະວາ
Used with any class 1 consonants. Produces a low rising tone.
Notes. Refs: [1] The World's Writing Systems [Daniels] p464-465; [2] Lao for Beginners [Simmala] p13,28, 35, 36, 121, 161
U+0EC6 LAO KO LA
Notes from the Unicode standard:
• repetition
Lao symbol, kʰɯaŋ-mǎːj-sâm ເຄ່ຶອງໝາຍຊ້ຳ
Indicates repetition of preceding sound.
Also used in ໆລໆ kʰɯaŋ-mǎːj-lɛ-ɯːn-ɯːn (ເຄ່ຶອງໝາຍ ແລະອ່ຶນໆ), with a meaning similar to etc.
Content first published 10 February, 2008. This version 2010-08-17 6:38 GMT
Copyright © 2008-2010 Richard Ishida, All Rights Reserved.
